Germany’s vast beauty and good people

March 1938 – July 1938.

When Hurricane Carla ripped through Houston in September 1961, I was only six. Therefore I thought the storm had passed over when everything got yellow-calm. Limbs from the great oak trees on our street stopped crashing down around us. We kids just knew the worst was behind us.

My father taught me something that year about hurricanes that holds true in the history of the Third Reich as well: After a major tempest when peace and quiet reigns again, watch out. The back side of the storm is always worse than what went on before.

This pattern reoccurred in the annals of National Socialism. After the upheaval caused by arrests over a four-month period, and after annexing Austria, German society experienced the eye of the storm. On the surface, that is. In the spring and summer of 1938, if you closed your eyes you could almost imagine that none of the horrors had happened, that life was fine and dandy, sugar candy. If you wanted to imagine those things, you could. If you were not Jewish or a dissident, that is.

Sophie Scholl and her family had to have been cheered by Hans’ correspondence as winter turned to Spring 1938. He told them he’d been to see a palm reader. The palmist told him that “this business” would be settled in the very near future, and that he would be lucky in later life. The psychic added that women were another matter; Hans’ letter home noted “ha ha” following that comment.

Hans’ enthusiasm for military life matched his zest for the regimentation of Hitler Youth. He was on the fast track to becoming an officer in Hitler’s army, in an arena where brains and athletic skill meant something. Besides, most of his Jungvolk-d.j.1.11 troop had likewise forsaken bündische endeavors. They’d thrown themselves into Hitler Youth proper, deciding that maybe Hitler had been right about the evil influences of bündische clubs. Hans’ life bore witness to that pattern.

Hitler’s people once more slathered affirmation in a plebiscite held nearly a month after he marched victoriously into Vienna. If anyone had assumed it would be difficult to top the hullabaloo surrounding the previous vote, they underestimated Nazis.

In Ulm, they released forty white messenger pigeons to fly to Austria — nothing subtle about that. And even public transportation became a running advertisement for the election, as street cars were decked with garlands. They added concerts, good stirring martial music that made tears flow and every citizen choke up with patriotism, with pride at living in the greatest country on earth.

Susanne Hirzel made a comment in her memoirs that sat wrong with me the first time I read it. She said, “Everyone together increased Hitler’s own sense — and lust — for power when they voted for him. They called out his subsequent delusions of grandeur. They strengthened his (and Himmler’s) iron fist.”

My initial reaction told me she had it backwards. Hitler imbued the German people with delusions of grandeur, filling their heads with a glorious empire that they could be part of. He was the deceiver, they were the ones who had been duped.

In fact, that is how those who were adults when he came to power will often speak of his twelve years as Chancellor and Führer. “He put honey in our mouths,” that saying pops up over and over. These apologists claim to have been his victims.

But Susanne Hirzel turned the era upside down and examined it more thoroughly. She got it right. Hitler’s horrors were enabled and empowered by an intelligent citizenry that consciously relinquished their civil rights to his dominion.

Yes, they were manipulated by propaganda, but they chose not to listen to dissident voices. Yes, aligned newspapers and churches told half-truths and outright lies that maneuvered folks into mass hysteria, much the way faith healers whip up a fever pitch that can frenzy a crowd in a predetermined amount of time.

However, Hitler’s ultimate coup was not military. No tanks rolled into cities and took possession of the courthouse. At every opportunity when a person could have said No, that word remained unspoken. I stress this here as we look at the outpouring of approval for Hitler on April 10, 1938, so that we will consider our own ways and be cautious of any person, regardless of political affiliation, who demands that we relinquish so much as one of our precious liberties.

To demonstrate extraordinary “good will” after victory in Vienna, Hitler announced a general amnesty for those boys who had been arrested for subversive youth activities – that is, if the subversive youth activity consisted of nothing more than being in a bündische organization. The amnesty likewise extended to boys accused of homosexual activities, as long as they had not held leadership positions in Hitler Youth.

The indictments against Hans Scholl and Ernst Reden were not dismissed. Hans Scholl and two co-defendants from Stuttgart were stripped of the right to a military trial. Civilian courts had been granted jurisdiction for the proceedings. However, Hans was allowed to remain with his cavalry unit, while Ernst Reden sat in jail pending trial.

Sophie’s letters to Fritz Hartnagel during this time did not refer to Hans’ legal problems. Her April letters revealed a headstrong young woman fascinated by a serious “older” fellow, a young woman who squabbled ferociously with her sisters. She admitted to writing him on stationery she had stolen from Lisl. When Lisl didn’t realize it was missing, she swiped some more.

She vented her frustrations at Inge (though what frustrated her has been censored) by biting through Inge’s necklace. Annelies Kammerer annoyed her further when she laughed at Sophie’s gripes about her family. She confessed that she was simply in a bad mood, and that nothing except his appearance in Ulm would console her.

At the time, Fritz was stationed in Augsburg, not even an hour’s train ride from Ulm. He had told Sophie that he “might” come visit her on April 20. His non-appearance set off the tirade that culminated in Elisabeth’s paper shortage and Inge’s damaged necklace. Fritz too suffered from her sarcasm, as she pointedly remarked that his saying maybe was as good as a no and pouted that from now on, he should simply refuse her request instead of leaving her hanging.

Sophie could not stay angry with Fritz for long. Her written temper tantrum devolved into silliness, the funny, stupid things that we say when we are young and in love. She confided that she and Inge had made up while cleaning the kitchen and would shortly be going into town to “try to make the men blush.” Werner had once said that if a man so much as looked at a woman, the woman would blush. The Scholl girls decided to see if it worked the other way around.

And that Werner! Sophie had written a letter to Lisa Remppis and stuck the letter in an atlas. Werner took the atlas to school. Sophie fretted over the certainty that her younger brother would read the letter and she would be embarrassed.

Before the letter concluded on a note of happy nonsense, Sophie assured Fritz that she enjoyed writing him letters because he couldn’t interrupt her, “but that is the boring part of it too.” And if he so much as thought about falling asleep from boredom while reading her letters, she would pinch him, or bite him, to wake him up.

This young woman traced the highs and lows of adolescence in a single letter. It is great fun observing her in this natural and unaffected state. She told Fritz she could see him grinning as he read her drivel. That’s my rejoinder too. You find yourself instinctively drawn to someone this complex, yet open.

We are not allowed to “see” Hans as May turned into June. From May 7 to June 2, he had to face the distinct possibility that his life was ruined. If the court found him guilty of homosexual activity with a minor under §175(2) [also called §175a], he would receive a prison sentence and likely time in a concentration camp. Additionally, he would not be allowed to go to university. Hans’ world would have effectively ended.

Inge Scholl shut us out of his anguish. Only two Scholl letters from this period made it into the collection of her siblings’ diaries and correspondence. Both are from Sophie, and both are heavily censored.

Correspondingly, we know nothing from Inge of Sophie’s own disgrace at the hands of the National Socialists during the same time. It took publication of Susanne Hirzel’s memoirs for us to know how Sophie’s penultimate disillusionment with Hitler Youth came to be.

Elisabeth and Sophie Scholl, together with Susanne, had made banners emblazoned with runic characters instead of a swastika. Susanne acknowledged that they did not intend to protest anything with this action. None of them cared about politics. They simply wanted to try a new embroidery stitch, nothing more drastic than that.

We would think that runic characters would have identified them as super-patriots, since the SS symbol consisted of two runic characters, and the runic alphabet had decidedly Teutonic origins. J. G. Cummings, a nineteenth century expert on the runic alphabet, wrote that the shape of the letters was “very well adapted for engraving upon stones, rocks, and metal,” due to its simple combinations of straight lines.

As I am one of those who gave up on embroidery before reaching the age of ten, I can attest that this factor would have appealed to teenage girls engaged in this form of needlework. Additionally, these were the ABCs of the Edda manuscripts that gave them the Nordic legends promoted in the Hitler Youth set.

No matter. Runic characters were not the equivalent of a swastika. Elisabeth, Sophie, and Susanne were charged with disloyalty. In a solemn ceremony at BDM headquarters, they were removed from leadership roles, demoted to common membership in the League of German Girls. The Stuttgart official who had come especially for this service told them they were not being kicked out of Hitler Youth, because she did not want to ruin their chances for success in later life.

Those remaining faithfully inside the fold were asked to form a circle. The three girls had to stand outside it while the loyal members sang a song praising a symbolic figure named Loyalty (Treue — a fundamental doctrine of National Socialism). It is likely, though not verifiable, that Elisabeth and Sophie shared Susanne’s sentiments when she wrote that the whole thing seemed a little silly, though she inexplicably knew that she would miss working with her girls. She had found that to be a pleasant diversion. In general, the League of German Girls had been a positive experience for Susanne and her good friend Sophie Scholl.

It may have felt like a silly thing to Susanne Hirzel, but a contemporary of the Scholls told me that everyone in Ulm talked about it. These were good girls from not-insignificant families. And the Scholls’ zeal for the cause of Hitler Youth had been legendary. The out of hand dismissal over something as inconsequential as runic characters on a flag (though I suspect that Susanne Hirzel is not telling us that their refusal to back down played a part in the decision of the League) became news that traveled the proverbial grapevine. People noticed.

However, Sophie did not distance herself from Hitler Youth at this time. Since she was no longer a group leader with authority over 150 girls, she transferred her membership to the League of German Girls. Sophie attended meetings fairly regularly, though she found them boring. From 1938 to around 1940, she did not object to the opinions expressed in League meetings. She merely thought the pedagogy could be improved.

On Magdalena Scholl’s 57th birthday — May 5, 1938 — Sophie wrote Fritz yet another letter during yet another class. But this time, it was not a boring class. It was biology, her favorite subject, so she kept it shorter than usual because she had to pay attention.

She did not say precisely what the teacher was trying to teach them, only that he had asked if anyone needed coins and then attempted to exchange the coins for more money than they were worth.

Annelies was feeling much better, so much better in fact that they had been bicycling together the day before. From Sophie’s words, it appears that Fritz had just visited them and had been in danger of missing his train.

“Yesterday as Annlies and I were at the bottom of a one-way street, we decided that if we were able to ride our bicycles up the street the wrong way without being caught by a policeman, it would mean that you were able to catch your train on time. A policeman didn’t catch us, and you unfortunately didn’t catch your train either.” So much for superstition!

She expressed her hopes that he would be able to come to Ulm on Saturday, because she and Annelies needed him to drive them to Geislingen. One of Scharlo’s friends — a painter named Albert Kley — lived there, and Sophie badly needed to ask him something.

Annelies had thrown a spectacular party the day before too. As her parents were far more liberal than Sophie’s, they had provided plenty of alcohol for the revelers to enjoy. Sophie bragged to Fritz that she had had quite a lot to drink and didn’t even have a hangover. The festivities would continue that afternoon, until well after midnight, albeit more sedate and definitely alcohol-free. The Scholls were combining Inge’s farewell party with Mrs. Scholl’s birthday celebration.

This May 5 letter contained Sophie’s first acknowledgment of the ‘scandalous’ trip she and Lisa had made to Augsburg. “I had to laugh when I read that your boy had found a hair barrette,” she said. “It belongs to Lisa. Hopefully he found it in your bed.”

She promised him that once the weather was nicer, she and Annelies would hike to Augsburg to visit him and see his new quarters. “Then perhaps we could spend the night in a barn,” she said, alluding to his consternation at putting her and Lisa up in barracks, “so that we wouldn’t go all that way just for a couple of hours.”

Ever the tomboy, she yearned for summer to come, so she could swim in the Iller River every day. Pentecost — when swimming season officially started — wasn’t all that far off. And oh, how she hoped Fritz could get leave to spend part of glorious summer with them.

They may not have been a couple yet, but Fritz made her day when he remembered her birthday. Apparently she was caught off guard so much that she literally could not think straight. “I was really flabbergasted that you thought about my birthday,” she told him, “which by the way was my 18th [sic]. I am now 17 years old.” Even Thomas Hartnagel did not try to explain away that slip of the pen.

She needed that assurance that he was thinking of her, as he had not shown up on Saturday as she had hoped, nor had he called or written to let her know he was not coming. So after waiting for him a long time, she accompanied one of Werner’s friends named Oskar Stammler to his class’s May dance.

It is hard to tell whether Sophie was trying to make Fritz jealous, or whether she wanted to let him know that he had nothing to worry about in the person of Oskar Stammler. “Oskar and I sat alone in a corner where we could see everything. Once again I danced all out. Of course that was a mistake, because now everyone says I danced too loose. But I am much too innocent for that. I didn’t regret anything, the evening was much too nice, let them talk all they want now.”

Even Sophie admitted that her brave words were bravado, because it did matter to her what girls like Irmgard “Butz” Seeger said about her. “I would have thought she knew me better,” Sophie wrote Fritz. Butz had been a fellow Jungmädel leader, and her parents’ grand villa hosted many Home Evenings in the day. Butz’s family owned horses.

Sophie comforted herself with the knowledge that she still had her family. “That means a lot.”

Before beginning the letter to Fritz, Sophie had gone on a hike to the Iller Forest. Her desire for swimming season to start had only heightened, being so near the water in glorious weather.

The hike reminded her of happy days in Jungmädel when Scharlo was their leader and would take them swimming in the Iller. “I always pretended I could not swim,” Sophie said, “and then everyone watched out for me. I liked that. I pretended I was drowning” — and here she used the wrong word for drowning, substituting “getting drunk” instead — “etc. But I’ve been able to swim since I was six years old, without life jackets and the like.”

For some reason, Sophie’s moods swung back and forth as she wrote Fritz, moving from silly to serious topics and back again even as she sat in school. “Today in the middle of French class, I had to laugh out loud. It happened like this: At first I was making philosophical observations (to myself, of course) as to why it is warm in May and cold in April. That made me think about how we froze in Augsburg and how in the telephone booth Lisa asked to talk to Lieutenant Ha-Ha-Ha: Please excuse me, [said Lisa], I have to laugh. Annlis and the entire class were quite surprised when I suddenly laughed out loud. Then one of the teachers asked me to translate something for a second time, and naturally I could not, because I had not been paying attention.”

In closing, she bemoaned the fact that Lisa would not be able to join them on a trip over Pentecost, “thanks to orders from High Command Remppis.”

Sophie’s reprimand must have lit a fire under Fritz, because he apparently showed up in Ulm — and spent considerable time with Sophie — from May 21 to May 22. She immediately wrote him a letter (not published in either Jens or Hartnagel) on the 22nd.

And another one on May 23. That letter was penned “on the clean copy of my essay that I have started and not finished,” she confessed to Fritz. “My very sensitive conscience throbs and if I were God in heaven, I would be sick tomorrow.”

She had already tried to convince her mother that she was getting si-ick, but Magdalena Scholl would have none of it. “When I told my mother that I was having difficulty breathing, she said, ‘That’s because you went to bed so late last night and the night before.’”

Having had success once, Sophie now tried to get Fritz to commit to a visit either on Corpus Christi Day or Pentecost, whichever he could manage. She needed to know in advance, she said, because otherwise she would make other plans.

Her nights with Fritz must have been late, as Mrs. Scholl reminded her, because Sophie had overslept that morning. Lisl had wakened her, but Sophie pretended to sleep, thinking that Lisl was just then going to bed. When Lisl’s wake-up call became more urgent, Sophie said she was perplexed that it was light. Sophie wondered if Fritz had had a similar experience.

In a puzzling paragraph that likely made more sense to Fritz — because it assuredly continued a conversation they had had while he was in Ulm — Sophie asked, “Dear Fritz, do you know what I wish for myself?”

Her answer provides a glimmer of insight into Sophie’s seventeen-year-old psyche. “I don’t know either. A whole lot of things. I almost gave away my deepest darkest secrets, what is currently my main wish.” And she would not tell him.

June 2, 1938, Hans’ day of reckoning finally came. The courtroom in Stuttgart provided far more formal surroundings than League headquarters in Ulm had for Sophie and Lisl, but the outcome was considerably more cheerful. Hans had to have been expecting the worst. Remember that the December letter from Hans’ Captain to his father mentioned that Hans’ “leadership” — his rank in Hitler Youth — would complicate matters. The charge of homosexual misconduct would otherwise be dropped under terms of the Führer’s amnesty.

In a surprising turn of events, Judge Cuhorst ruled that Hans Scholl’s rank as Fähnleinführer did not constitute adequate leadership. His ruling ignored the basics of the Führerprinzip or authoritarian principles set down by National Socialists themselves. Hans Scholl had commanded a troop of 120 to 150 “wolf cubs.”

Note that after the war, Judge Cuhorst and Robert Scholl exchanged Persilscheine for one another, each declaring that the other man had never been a Nazi. Not only did Hans benefit from kind treatment from his father’s friend, Friedrich Mussgay, head of the Munich Gestapo. Apparently Robert Scholl’s influence reached to that Nazi judge.

While Ernst Reden felt the full force of the judge’s harsh judgment, Hans was let go with a slap on the wrist. Judge Cuhorst essentially ruled that whatever Hans had done with and to that preteen friend of his brother Werner, that preteen friend had ‘asked for it,’ or that he was “predisposed” to homosexual behavior. Odd how defense of sexual predators has not changed in over eighty years.

Hans’ Captain gave him a few days after the trial to recuperate with his family in Ulm. Inge was not in Ulm when Hans arrived, as she had taken a governess position with a family in northern Germany a few weeks prior. But Sophie, Werner, and Lisl were there, and Sophie’s Fritz. Though Lisa Remppis had visited Sophie in late May, she did not accompany Hans on this trip home to visit his family.

Elisabeth Hartnagel nee Scholl recollected an incident that she could not date exactly, but that likely happened around this time when everyone congregated in Ulm at the same time. Fritz had borrowed his father’s car and driven Sophie and her up one of the ‘mountains’ that overlooks Ulm. They enjoyed the view and the conversation, and did not notice the lateness of the hour. Fritz pointed out that they were nearly out of gasoline (guys have yet to come up with a more original story — what did they do before cars?), and that all the service stations would be closing.

He offered the sisters a choice. They could leave immediately and fill up while they had the opportunity. Or they could spend the night up there on the mountain. What seventeen-year-old woman, enamored of her handsome soldier, would choose to go home? Sophie and Elisabeth spent the night in the car above the city, assuming that they would be allowed to sleep all day on the morrow.

Magdalena Scholl exhibited one of her rare bursts of temper when they strolled into the apartment the next morning. Lisl said this is the only time she ever saw her mother angry. They were not permitted to go to bed. As punishment, the two girls had to pit and peel a basketful of plums. Sleep came only when that task was done.

This kind of family normalcy soothed Hans, and didn’t. He wrote Inge that on June 7, Lisa’s birthday, he had risen before sunrise and watched the birds in a deserted Danube marsh. Erika Reiff, musician friend of Sophie and ardent Nazi, had invited them to a private concert another evening. As Hans’ letter ventured into the slightest bit of personal tone, indeed following the words, “It was very beautiful, because it was so personal,” Inge Scholl took out her scissors and censored the rest of that paragraph.

If you could have scripted the remainder of that summer, designed days perfect for young adults turned loose on a sumptuous landscape, you could not imagine anything better than what actually transpired. Sophie, Inge, and Hans Scholl devoured a biography about the life of Renee Sintenis, a German sculptress who specialized in animal figures. Sophie commented on how inspirational Sintenis’ life was, how she had overcome adversity and financial hardship on the road to success. This mutual interest connected the siblings who were spread across Germany and unable to engage one another in debate or discussion.

At the end of June Hans wrote Inge that he had not been home for some time, nearly three weeks. Which is odd, since he had just returned from “home.”

Two of Hans’ character flaws showed up this summer, imperfections that would be written off to the wild oats of youth had he lived a long life in a normal world. First, he “dumped” the very people who had supported him in his blackest days. Now that everything was back to normal, he apparently moved on, centered on his own happiness and pleasure.

More important, even as he wrote to Inge about spending time at Leonberg (where Lisa Remppis lived), he commented briefly that he had taken up with a woman named Mathilde. Inge Scholl euphemistically identified Mathilde as a Scholl housemaid when Hans was a young boy, floating the story that in 1938, Mathilde was a “good friend” — which would not explain Hans’ words about the so-called ‘good friend’: Not that I meant for us to. It just happened.

If Hans Scholl’s character flaws are emerging full-blown during this summer, so are his strengths. While excelling at war games, Hans’ intuition kicked in. We see him start to actually think through the events around him instead of reflexively accepting “the powers that be.” He had not yet acquired backbone or the least hint of bravery.

But even in the few words we may access, we observe him wondering why his comrades should be discussing the development of the next war, when he must ask why there should be a war at all. For someone who had recently bemoaned being denied the honor of marching into Vienna, this question bodes well for the young man’s future.

These relatively wise words also hint at the suggestion that he spent time with his younger brother Werner while in Ulm. Werner already was thinking along these lines, years ahead of his older siblings Hans and Sophie.

In short, the summer of ’38 may have produced negative changes in Hans, changes that would eventually lead to his downfall. But the positive metamorphosis was similarly great, and every bit as noteworthy.

Sophie? That spitfire had the best summer of her life while the eye of the storm passed blithely over. Inge’s employers had told Inge to invite family and friends to spend a few weeks in Lesum, on the outskirts of Bremen.

Sophie and Werner jumped at the chance, and Sophie persuaded Lisa Remppis and Annelies Kammerer to come along. Sophie confided to Inge that she would have preferred it had Erika Reiff been the fourth person in their party, as she and Annelies were on the outs most of the time. It may have had something to do with transportation. Mr. Kammerer had agreed to drive the travelers northward.

As they finalized preparations for the trip, Sophie’s passion for school, for learning, for wanting to know more, and more, consumed her with a new intensity. Her deepening friendship with Erika Reiff drew her into a world of art and books and biology. Biology! She threw herself into the dissections and analyses with everything she had.

Most White Rose biographers have directed our attention to Sophie’s delight at laying out the fish innards “just right” and focus on her feeling sorry for the little fish with their big golden eyes. But greater than any artistic sense we may obtain from how she presented her work, I am impressed by this seventeen-year-old who was willing to spend three hours at the task. After all, her friends (including Annelies) showed no interest in her work and ridiculed her for taking such pains to do it right — and the ridicule got under her skin.

Yet Sophie was determined to learn all she could from Miss Fries, her biology teacher who inspired her to pursue this as her major a few years later.

The flippant teenager who could go from the heights of ecstasy to the bottomless pit of despair in under sixty seconds — this same young woman lost sight of everything and everyone around her as she concentrated on learning, observing the heart that kept beating after the fish was dead, and the attributes of the fish’s skin.

The trip to visit Inge came close to being scuttled when Sophie caught a cold. But Mr. Kammerer bundled her up and plied her with medication. The vacation was in progress!

When Sophie sat safely back in Ulm, she wrote Fritz about their activities in great detail. It is clear from the narration that she had hardly reached the point that she rejected the values and profferings of National Socialism and its myriad organizations. They overnighted in Hitler Youth hostels, and she and Lisa flirted madly with four Hitler Youth leaders who took a tour on the same fishing boat as they.

The accounts of the holiday warm our hearts with candidness and mirth. When Sophie made fun of the young wife on their boat who gets seasick, then confessed that a few minutes later when the fishermen began to boil crabs, she had to upchuck too, you can almost feel her qualified remorse. Inge won her affection by taking Annelies Kammerer off her hands, leaving Sophie free to enjoy Lisa’s company.

If you know how Sophie’s life ended on February 22, 1943, you will appreciate the foreboding of the scene in the Hitler Youth hostel where a boy offered her candy and she accepted with animated gratitude. If you do not know the story, treasure this little scene. It is not the last time it occurs.

Best of all, the three Scholls wallowed in a camaraderie they had not known for a while. Sophie told Fritz that Inge and a farmer became embroiled in accidental miscommunication, when Inge referred to an Austrian refugee the farmer had mentioned previously. The farmer thought she was talking about a calf they had seen running across the road, so the ensuing conversation turned into a delightful muddle.

You can enjoy that tale, especially Sophie’s careful rendition of dialog, but when you understand what Werner had come through of late, you most savor the picture of him in the back seat, “dying laughing.”

Inge and Sophie worked on building a friendship, one that Sophie later noted thrived best when they were apart. Just the two of them set out across the moor. They played the guitar and sang, oblivious to the stares of passersby. Or when they did notice, did not care.

What a marvelous summer to be alive, to explore Germany’s vast beauty and good people!

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Excerpted from White Rose History, Volume I. See below for copyright information.  Please contact us for permission to quote.

Image credits: Top photograph--Photo taken of Hurricane Florence convection with deep eyewall in Atlantic Sea from ISS by astronaut Alexander Gerst. September 12, 2018. This file is in the public domain in the United States because it was solely created by NASA. NASA copyright policy states that NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted. Second image: Shopify, public domain for platform users.

Bottom photo: Photo of a BDM group in the common room of the Josef Goebbels Youth Hostel in Düsseldorf, 1938. NSDAP propaganda photo. Public domain. Used this as reminder that Sophie and Inge likely wore their JM or BDM uniforms while overnighting at these Jugendherberge.

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